Contributors Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Endorsements Authors Biographical Sketches Chapter 1. Natural Gas Fundamental 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Natural Gas History 1.3 Natural Gas Origin and Composition 1.4 Gas Sources 1.4.1 Non-associated Gas 1.4.2 Associated Gas 1.4.3 Coal Bed Methane 1.5 Natural Gas Phase Behavior 1.6 Natural Gas Properties 1.6.1 Chemical and Physical Properties 1.6.2 Gas-Specific Gravity 1.6.3 Ideal and Real Gas Laws 1.6.4 Gas Formation Volume Factor 1.6.5 Gas Density 1.6.6 Isothermal Compressibility of Gases 1.6.7 Gas Viscosity 1.7 Quality 1.8 Transportation 1.8.1 Pipelines 1.8.2 Liquefied Natural Gas 1.8.3 Compressed Natural Gas 1.8.4 Gas to Solid 1.8.5 Gas to Power 1.8.6 Gas to Liquids 1.8.7 Gas to Commodity References Chapter 2. Natural Gas Energy Pricing 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Energy Pricing, Supply, and Demand 2.3 Sustainability and the Increasing Fascination with Natural Gas 2.4 Is Natural Gas Always “Nonrenewable?” 2.5 U.S. Natural Gas: Pricing, Markets, Risk Management, and Supply 2.5.1 Some Features of Current Natural Gas Pricing in the United States 2.5.2 U.S. Energy Markets: The Regulation–Deregulation Nexus 2.5.3 Energy Price Volatility and Derivatives 2.5.4 Natural Gas Supply in North America 2.6 Natural Gas in Eurasia: The Special Position of Post-Soviet Russia 2.7 Looking to Nature for a New Model References Chapter 3. Raw Gas Transmission 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Multiphase Flow Terminology 3.2.1 Superficial Velocity 3.2.2 Multiphase Flow Mixture Velocity 3.2.3 Holdup 3.2.4 Phase Velocity 3.2.5 Slip 3.2.6 Multiphase Flow Density 3.3 Multiphase Flow Regimes 3.3.1 Two-Phase Flow Regimes 3.3.2 Three-Phase Flow Regimes 3.4 Calculating Multiphase Flow Pressure Gradients 3.4.1 Steady-State Two-Phase Flow 3.4.2 Steady-State Three-Phase Flow 3.4.3 Transient Multiphase Flow 3.5 Multiphase Flow in Gas/Condensate Pipelines 3.6 Temperature Profile of Multiphase Pipelines 3.7 Velocity Criteria for Sizing Multiphase Pipelines 3.7.1 Erosion Criteria 3.7.2 Corrosion Criteria 3.8 Multiphase Flow Assurance 3.8.1 Gas Hydrates 3.8.2 Corrosion 3.8.3 Wax 3.8.4 Severe Slugging 3.8.5 Real-Time Flow Assurance Monitoring 3.9 Multiphase Pipeline Operations 3.9.1 Leak Detection 3.9.2 Pigging References Chapter 4. Basic Concepts of Natural Gas Processing 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Process Modules 4.3 Scope of Natural Gas Processing 4.3.1 Processing Objectives 4.3.2 Effect of Gas Type in Field Processing 4.3.3 Location of the Gas Field References Chapter 5. Phase Separation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Gravity Separators 5.2.1 General Description 5.2.2 Separator Selection 5.2.3 Gravity Separation Theory 5.2.4 Design Considerations 5.2.5 Design Procedure 5.2.6 Practical Separator Design 5.2.7 Operating Problems 5.3 Multistage Separation 5.4 Centrifugal Separators 5.5 Twister Supersonic Separator 5.6 Slug Catchers 5.7 High-Efficiency Liquid–Gas Coalescers 5.7.1 Aerosols 5.7.2 Coalescer Construction/Operation Principles 5.7.3 Modeling the Liquid/Gas Coalescer 5.7.4 Coalescer Performance/Operational Limits 5.7.5 Liquid/Gas Coalescer Applications 5.8 High-Efficiency Liquid–Liquid Coalescers 5.8.1 Emulsions 5.8.2 Coalescer Principles and Materials of Construction 5.8.3 Coalescer Mechanism of Operation 5.8.4 Liquid/Liquid Coalescer Performance 5.8.5 Limitations of Using Coalescers 5.8.6 Applications References Chapter 6. Condensate Stabilization 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Stabilization Processes 6.2.1 Flash Vaporization 6.2.2 Stabilization by Fractionation 6.3 Condensate Storage References Chapter 7. Acid Gas Treating 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Acid Gas Removal Processes 7.2.1 Batch Type Processes 7.2.2 Amine Processes 7.2.3 Carbonate Washing and Water Washing 7.2.4 Methanol Based Processes 7.2.5 Other Processes 7.2.6 Process Selection 7.3 Sulfur Recovery Processes References Chapter 8. Natural Gas Compression 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Reciprocating Compressors 8.3 Centrifugal Compressors 8.4 Comparison between Compressors 8.5 Compressor Selection 8.6 Thermodynamics of Gas Compression 8.7 Real Gas Behavior and Equations of State 8.8 Compression Ratio 8.9 Compression Design 8.9.1 Determining Number of Stages 8.9.2 Inlet Flow Rate 8.9.3 Compression Power Calculation 8.10 Compressor Control 8.10.1 Reciprocating Compressors 8.10.2 Centrifugal Compressors 8.11 Compressor Performance Maps 8.11.1 Reciprocating Compressors 8.11.2 Centrifugal Compressors References Chapter 9. Natural Gas Dehydration 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Water Content Determination 9.3 Glycol Dehydration 9.3.1 Process Description 9.3.2 Design Considerations 9.3.3 Operational Problems 9.4 Solid Desiccant Dehydration 9.4.1 Desiccant Capacity 9.4.2 Desiccant Selection 9.4.3 Process Description 9.4.4 Design Considerations 9.4.5 Operational Problems References Chapter 10. Natural Gas Liquids Recovery 10.1 Introduction 10.2 NGL Recovery Processes 10.2.1 Refrigeration Processes 10.2.2 Lean Oil Absorption 10.2.3 Solid Bed Adsorption 10.2.4 Membrane Separation Process 10.2.5 Selection of NGL Recovery Processes 10.3 NGL Fractionation 10.3.1 Fractionator Operation 10.3.2 Types of Fractionators 10.3.3 Fractionator Design 10.3.4 Design Procedure 10.4 Gasoline and LPG Treating 10.4.1 Doctor Sweetening Process 10.4.2 Merox Process References Chapter 11. Sales Gas Transmission 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Gas Flow Fundamentals 11.2.1 General Flow Equation 11.2.2 Friction Factor Correlations 11.2.3 Practical Flow Equations 11.3 Predicting Gas Temperature Profile 11.4 Transient Flow in Gas Transmission Pipelines 11.5 Compressor Stations and Associated Pipeline Installations 11.5.1 Compressor Drivers 11.5.2 Compressors Configurations 11.5.3 Reduction and Metering Stations 11.6 Design Considerations of Sales Gas Pipelines 11.6.1 Line Sizing Criteria 11.6.2 Compressor Station Spacing 11.6.3 Compression Power 11.7 Pipeline Operations References Chapter 12. Gas Processing Plant Controls and Automation 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Early Methods of Gas Plant Automation 12.3 Microprocessor-Based Automation 12.3.1 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) 12.3.2 Distributed Control Systems (DCS) 12.3.3 Standards and Protocols 12.4 Control of Equipment and Process Systems 12.4.1 Gas Gathering 12.4.2 Gas Treating 12.4.3 Sulfur Recovery 12.4.4 Gas Dehydration 12.4.5 Liquids Recovery 12.4.6 NGL Fractionation 12.4.7 Centrifugal Compressors 12.4.8 Centrifugal Pumps 12.4.9 Reciprocating Pumps 12.4.10 Utilities 12.5 Automation Applications 12.5.1 Data Historians 12.5.2 Asset and Performance Management 12.5.3 Statistical Process Control 12.5.4 Advanced Regulatory Control 12.5.5 Multivariable Predictive Control 12.5.6 Optimization 12.5.7 Leveraging Automation 12.6 Condensate Stabilizer Case Study References Suggested Reading Chapter 13. Dynamic Simulation of Gas Processing Plants 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Areas of Application of Dynamic Simulation 13.2.1 Plant Design 13.2.2 Plant Operation 13.3 Modeling Considerations 13.3.1 Level of Detail in the Model 13.3.2 Model Speed 13.3.3 Equipment-Specific Considerations 13.4 Control of Equipment and Process Systems 13.4.1 Gas Gathering and Transportation 13.4.2 Gas Treating 13.4.3 Sulfur Recovery 13.4.4 Gas Dehydration 13.4.5 Liquids Recovery, Natural Gas Liquefaction 13.4.6 NGL Fractionation 13.5 Case Study I: Analysis of a Fuel Gas System Start-up 13.5.1 Introduction 13.5.2 Steady-State Analysis 13.5.3 Dynamic Analysis 13.5.4 Conclusion 13.6 Case Study II: Online Dynamic Model of a Trunk Pipeline References Suggested Reading Chapter 14. Environmental Aspects of Gas Processing and Use 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Environmental Impacts of Natural Gas Processing 14.2.1 Air Pollutant Emissions 14.2.2 Gas Flaring Emissions 14.2.3 Methane Emissions 14.2.4 Water Pollution 14.2.5 Soil Pollution 14.2.6 Pollution Prevention 14.3 Emissions from Natural Gas Use 14.3.1 Combustion Emissions 14.3.2 Acid Rain Formation 14.3.3 Smog Formation 14.3.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 14.3.5 Industrial and Electric Generation Emissions 14.4 Protocols and Environmental Programs 14.5 Environmental Management System References Chapter 15. Maximizing Profitability of Gas Plant Assets 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Performance Strategy: Integrated Gas Plant 15.3 Strategies for Organizational Behavior and Information 15.4 Organizational Behavior Model 15.4.1 Information Quality 15.4.2 Perception of Information 15.4.3 Capability to Perform 15.4.4 Organizational Hierarchy of Needs 15.4.5 Behavior 15.5 The Successful Information Strategy 15.6 The Impact of Living with Information Technology 15.7 Vision of the Modern Plant Operation 15.8 Operations Strategy 15.9 Model Based Asset Management 15.10 Optimization 15.10.1 Tools for Optimization 15.10.2 Optimization Alternatives 15.11 Industrial Relevance 15.12 The Technology Integration Challenge 15.13 Scientific Approach 15.14 Other Miscellaneous Initiatives 15.15 Conclusion References Suggested Reading Chapter 16. Gas Plant Project Management 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Project Management Overview 16.3 Industry Perspective 16.4 The Project Management Process 16.4.1 Defining Business and Project Objectives 16.4.2 Contracting Strategy 16.4.3 Conceptual Estimates and Schedules 16.4.4 Project Execution Planning 16.4.5 Pre Project Planning Measurement 16.4.6 The Responsibility Matrix 16.5 Project Controls 16.5.1 Project Time Line 16.5.2 Risk Management 16.6 Quality Assurance 16.7 Commissioning and Start-up 16.8 Operate and Evaluate 16.9 Project Closeout 16.10 Conclusion References Suggested Reading Appendix 1. Three-Phase Flash Calculation for Hydrocarbon Systems Containing Water Appendix 2. Conversion Factors Appendix 3. Physical Properties of Fluids Glossary and Acronyms Index link: [You must be registered and logged in to see this link.]
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Thu Sep 29, 2011 8:22 pm
